From 11 - 17 February is going on in Germany, the fools and the clowns! In the carnival strongholds start the festive parades and the Mardi Gras parties. Hundreds of thousands will turn into next week, the streets in colorful festive miles. In all kindergartens and schools celebrate the Children's Carnival in homemade costumes, and most parents send their children out of every year as colorful carnival parties. On the streets there for almost a week and a party atmosphere with plenty of politics gets firmer and ironic criticism tidy their fat away! On 11 February begins with the spectacle of the Women's Carnival, 15 February Rosenenmontag, 16 Shrove Tuesday and then the end is near the 17 February, Ash Wednesday. Also, if I do not belong to the hardcore fans of the carnival, here's all the background information for our lessons in geography. The fall carnival traditions in the regions of Germany are very variable. The most famous is of course the Cologne carnival. Berlin celebrates rather a carnival of cultures. In the south, older, more traditional customs have been preserved. Recommended, in my view: The Alemannic carnival. It takes place in the South Germany, Switzerland and parts of Austria. Berlin is not too bad. Check's in! In this sense, "Karneval" and "Alaaf" all readers!
The beginning of the carnival time was or is in the German-speaking countries traditionally the Epiphany.
Since 19 Century in many areas in addition on 11 November, from 11:11 clock instead of individual events, including, in particular the idea of the prince and princess. The reason is that the Nativity of Christ already well shortly after its fixation in the year 354 which provided for a previous 40-day period of fasting, before the commencement of one - as before Mardi Gras - also used to devour the meat later banned stocks (goose dinner on 11 November, the St. Martin's).
The time of 12 November to 5 January, however, remains even in the strongholds along the Rhine remains largely free carnival, which is explained by the aforementioned pre-Christmas season of Lent, the role of November as mourning month and the contemplative nature of the Advent. As far as on a "forward movement" of the carnival begins or an "open season" 11 November is spoken, this is therefore at least misleading. From its origins manufactures the 11th November but a second, "small" carnival represents, namely a 1823 by the Organising Committee "certain date in Cologne, the foolish to the start of preparations for a regular from now on parade.
The highlight of the carnival in the actual carnival week of term Schmotz / or nonsensical glombiga Thursday (from Schmotz = Schmalz, indicating fried in lard Carnival fritters) or Women's Carnival of the cloves Saturday, Sunday tulips, rose Monday to Shrove Tuesday, also called Shrove Tuesday. It is particularly appropriate on Rose Monday parades - whereby Rosen not originally on the flower, but on the verb race related. According to other interpretations of the Rose Monday owes its name to the fourth Sunday of Lent, the Rose Sunday.
The biggest parades take place in the carnival strongholds: Cologne, Mainz, Dusseldorf, Mönchengladbach, Aachen, Eschweiler, Euskirchen, Erkelenz, Bonn, Koblenz, Krefeld, Duisburg and Dülken . But further south, such as in Frankfurt am Main (Carnival Sunday), Aschaffenburg (Carnival Sunday), Mannheim (Carnival Sunday) Wombach (Carnival Sunday) Würzburg, Karlstadt / Main (both Carnival Sunday) and Karlsruhe (Shrove Tuesday), there are large e parades with hundreds of thousands of visitors. As the largest parade in Northern Germany, the traditional Schoduvel in Braunschweig on Carnival Sunday and the carnival parade in Berlin is known.
In the districts, towns and villages around these strongholds around, there are parades on Saturday (clove Saturday) Sunday (orchids or tulips Sunday) and Tuesday (Fat Tuesday). In Duisburg-Hamborn takes place on Carnival Sunday for decades the largest children's carnival in Europe.
On the night of Wednesday at the stroke of midnight end of the carnival and there are many places the tradition that the carnival that night in a straw doll, called Nubbel as responsible for all the vices of the carnival days, mainly because burn the money spent. In Dusseldorf and the Lower Rhine cities such as Krefeld, Duisburg, Moenchengladbach, Kleve and Wesel the so-called Hoppeditz is laid to rest. This was originally a typical Lower Rhine jester figure. This knave or fool had similarity with Till Eulenspiegel and the medieval court jester. It is reported that in the 18 and 19 Century on the Lower Rhine, the little people was a custom fitted, at night on Ash Wednesday with poles on which hung sausages to run through the streets and sing funny songs.
is the end of Carnival, Ash Wednesday. His appointment is the extent directly related to the position of Easter:
325 was adopted at the Council of Nicaea the date of Easter on the first Sunday after the first spring full moon. To 600 Pope Gregory the Great put a 40-day fast before Easter set, which commemorates the time, the Jesus Christ spent in the desert. Under this scheme, Lent began on Tuesday after the 6th Sunday before Easter ( Invocavit or Dominicia Quadragesima , in German also Funkensonntag ).
The Council of Benevento in 1091, the six Sundays before Easter, were exempted from fasting. Moves them to the beginning of Lent, six days ahead of today's Ash Wednesday.
Until the 16th Century there were two carnival events, the old "Burefasnacht" (Bauer Carnival) and the new "men's" or "Pfaff Carnival" competing side by side. Especially in the Baden region and in Switzerland, many customs have received the old carnival. The best known of them is certainly the Basler Fasnacht. This begins on the Monday after Ash Wednesday at 4:00 with the clock Morgestraich and ends on the following Thursday morning, also at 4:00 clock. From this context is also explained that the appointment of the Protestant Basler Fasnacht - as is often written - not to the Reformation itself but to the above incident.
Some Belgian East Belgium celebrate the carnival climax with a mid-Lenten parade (mostly Laetare). It is known especially the great train of white Monks (Blanc Moussis) in Stavelot, to be held since 1449th This tradition is called the mid-Lent.
The carnival takes place almost exclusively in Catholic rather than in a modified form in Orthodox areas. This is certainly connected not only with Lent, but as with the former more predominant Catholicism of life. Exception is probably the most famous Basler Fasnacht. Strongholds are therefore in Germany, the Rhineland, Rhine-Hesse, South Hessen, Münsterland, the Lausitz, Franken (mainly in the Würzburg region) and Baden-Württemberg (Swabian-Alemannic Carnival), Luxembourg Diekirch, Echternach Remich and, as well as in Switzerland Basel and Lucerne, the Netherlands (in the provinces of Limburg and North Brabant), Belgium in particular the German-speaking eastern Belgium. Occasionally, the tradition exists in the rural areas in Flanders. Famous also is the Venice Carnival and the Mardi Gras in New Orleans. The carnival is also common in Rijeka (Croatia) and South America, especially the Rio Carnival in Brazil, the carnival in Oruro in Bolivia and the Carnival of Barranquilla in Colombia are well known.
With the Reformation in the 16th Century, disappeared in the predominantly Protestant areas with the Ash Wednesday and the carnival. A Exception was Basel, where the carnival was never abolished permanently (see above carnival date and Basler Fasnacht). Only in the late 20th Century was in many Protestant cities again celebrated a carnival.
The Carnivals
meaningful and thus the most important instrument is the carnival parade, as mentioned in Basel and elsewhere often " Cortège" , a parade of various disguised / masked figures in the city. He is one of the highlights of the street carnival and one of the earliest known manifestations of Carnival. Thematically, the elaborately worked out in detail and decorated floats make their costumes along with the traveling carnival revelers the ultimate means of expression to expression of their operators. Most ironic - but basically true - they reflect on the reality pointed out the eyes of the designer and often the general opinion of the population objected to a variety of topics from politics and society, and they of course serve Of course the amusement and the Friends of missed celebrating spectators.
Nationally known in Germany before all of the Cologne Carnival (the largest in Germany), the Mainz Carnival (second largest) and the Düsseldorf carnival (up to 2005's third-largest train). Third largest since 2006, the Eschweiler Carnival. The Carnival procession takes place depending on the town on carnival Saturday or Sunday, Monday or Tuesday of Carnival. In many cities there are in addition to the big move even children or neighborhood parades that take place on another day.
wore the carnival parades in the Rhineland in the early 19th Century clearly military parody features. The moves were inspired but also to the historical rulers receptions and were full of allusions to the period before the inclusion of the Rhineland as Prussian Rhine Province in the Congress of Vienna (see, for example Cologne triumvirate). They served not only for entertainment, but offered the middle class, a medium for self-dramatization.
From 1830 the themes of the trains have become increasingly political. Liberal ideas spread inspired by the French July Revolution and the trains have been increasingly used for political satire. With the failure of Revolution of 1848 turned many of the "carnival of political opportunity" again from the hard, political issues remained until today as an important component in the streets. In the second half of the 19th Century, the trains under the influence of the strained relationship between Prussia and France increasingly patriotic. The Prussian victory in 1871 and the Empire established a distinctly nationalist sentiment in the carnival events around the turn of the 20th Century, which lasted until the outbreak of World War II.
Today there is a train from delegations of the carnival associations of floats Bands, dance groups and often from so-called floats. The latter are often events and people of the past year in satirically interpreted form dar.
Regional Customs
The Cologne Carnival
best known is the Cologne Carnival . The session of the Rhine folk festival begins on the eleventh to the Eleventh Elf Elf Clock. Until Monday, it rose gradually increases: by the quiet Christmas period from New Year begins the phase of the session Carnival (men's, women's, costume and ceremonial meetings). Women's Carnival at Elf Elf Clock opened the street carnival. From that date, the city is in a state of emergency, in the pubs and on the street is celebrated every effort. The official height of the Cologne Carnival (Cologne Fasteleer ") is the Rose Monday Carnival procession takes place. In addition, many clubs organize meetings and carnival balls with appearances by laid paper speakers, dance and music groups. In contrast to the meeting place of the carnival street carnival held largely unorganized in the pubs and streets of Cologne during the last week of between Women's Carnival and Ash Wednesday. Identification of the Rhine and most of Cologne's carnival is the interaction between 'actors' on stage and wagon and 'viewers' by the line between performance and reception is largely offset the benefit of a continuous interaction - all players, no one is a spectator. The typical Narrenruf is "Kölle Alaaf". It means' Long live Cologne! ", Was originally a toast, and since the 19th Century the Cologne Narrenruf.
driving force behind the Fasteleer are Fastelovend revelers Who throw themselves on the great days into the fray. Coordinating force behind the official program is the Cologne Carnival Cologne Carnival Festival Committee as an organizational merger of the Cologne carnival societies. These traditional clubs provide the Cologne trio and a good portion of participants in the official carnival parades. The recording conditions are very severe, including one needs two member companies as a guarantor.
find on Carnival Sunday, the Cologne Schull-un Veedelszöch instead. The best foot and car groups Veedel be awarded this and may participate in the Carnival. Besides organizing many Veedel between Carnival Saturday and Mardi Gras parades own. Although they enjoy more local attention, but are no less costly in the preparation. At the top here are the fields and the honor Nippeser Zoch, both with 300,000 each to spectators. About fifty states during the crazy days somewhere in the city of Cologne: "D'Kütt r Zoch"
addition to the official Mardi Gras is also an alternative has been established. Since In 1984 there is the stink session that was created as a student to the official Mardi Gras, and today is a mixture of typical Cologne Carnival and political cabaret with comedy elements and because of the rapidly rising demand for tickets almost comparable works a little musical production.
also outside the official rules, the nightly ghost has formed. This alternative parade had been called into being after 1991, the official Carnival in response to the second Gulf war, had been canceled and since then each held on Carnival Saturday.
The costumes
impressed Each year, the colorful costume diversity of the Cologne carnival. The Cologne make a point not to buy costumes off the rack, but her disguise himself to make. This does by no means less perfection in the processing, rather the reverse. The highest percentage can still clowns of all species recorded for themselves. Tradition, especially the rag clown, whose robe with individual pieces of cloth is sewn. Since this requires in the age of sewing a lot of time and work, a cloth costume is something that draws you for life. Among other perennial favorites such as pirates or cowboys like to be current events events with the costumes or put a bead, there was, for example, in one year en masse to see grouse in all variants on the streets.
The "Bützchen"
often hear the expression Bütz or gebützt be . These small, with pursed lips generously distributed kiss anyone gotten, who has thrown himself into the fray. You should only exceptionally and in everyone's consent as a sexual provocation be interpreted, as part of the Kölsch carnival tradition but they are not serious. There
kölsche The carnival music
Explicit carnival music is not really in Cologne. The musical repertoire that includes popular songs and old popular songs (such as the faithful hussar ) is also a lot quieter sounds to be played and sung throughout the year, the music is part of urban culture. Between Women's Carnival and Ash Wednesday is usually played in the pubs of "party strength" of the more than 20,000 songs being taken as the rule of thumb: the closer a pub on the Old Town (the higher the tourist / Foreign share of the audience is), the greater will be the traditional songs with German pop songs, ski lodges and binge-mixed songs. In the economies of Veedel you hear the other hand, more often swaying slightly quieter sounds, and more-able. In Zoch outweighs march music.
Besides elsewhere for mood songs typical themes like love and alcohol, they are "menschelnde" issues that make up the character of the Rhineland carnival songs: the cohesion Veedel, the integration of foreigners, and always love for the Rhine country and its history. Suffering and death are not spared, little human weaknesses are sung lovely and charming ("Big Girl", Höhner). In addition to "current" Carnival hits and the "evergreens" from the last years play still quite old and many traditional songs are a great role, which in particular at the traditional carnival and the official meeting - from brass bands - geprä ; GIVE parades noticeable. The indestructible songs from the first half 20th Century included an Krätzchen Willi Ostermann, August Batzer, Karl and Gerhard Berbu Jussenhoven, just to name a few.
Most people make the below bands not only carnival music but are open all year outside of the carnival season on the road.
The different days of the carnival week
Although the carnival season on 11 11th last year begins, the so-called carnival week, the wedding of the Carnival season in Kölsch Fasteleer . It is also called the time of the street carnival, because it constantly costumed carnival Jecke may encounter on the streets, join 'wild' and calls for "Bütz" are allowed.
Thursday (Women's Carnival)
At Women's Carnival (kölsch: Wiever Fastelovend ) begins at 11 clock 11 of the official street carnival and the main event with the mayor of Cologne and the Cologne trio found in usually on the Alter Markt in Cologne's city instead. In many neighborhoods of Cologne (called Veedels) other parties related to the opening Carnival of the road instead, most notably in Cologne-Knacks (Wilhelm Platz), Cologne-Ehrenfeld (before the District Town Hall) and in the southern city center of Cologne (in the church of St. Severin at Severinstraße e).
Many companies organize to Weiberfastnacht own carnival sessions, including for example the Cologne publisher M. DuMont, the insurance company Gerling and beverage company Coca-Cola. Authorities, companies, departments, businesses remain closed or partially to make earlier, as many clubs, Round tables, friends and individuals come together to celebrate.
Already in the early morning, the crowds flock to the Old Town and the Southern City, where the revelers party until late into the night, whereas stop off in most neighborhoods in the early evening calm. Popular is the custom throughout the day, cut in which the "Jeck Wiever" (the crazy women) the men's tie. Generally, the women heard the Thursday, so the name Women's Carnival.
Traditionally held at the Women's Carnival "Reiter Corps in January of value of 1925 e. V. "to be" Spell ahn Vringspooz d'r "(play on the Severinstorburg); to clock 14.30, the corps takes the square in front of the Torburg Chlodwigplatz and plays the legend of" Jan un Griet "section. Then the cavalry corps moves from Clovis place in Cologne's old town to the "Old Market", accompanied by numerous carnival clubs. This train is traditionally the first carnival in every session.
Carnival Friday
Until a few years of Carnival Friday virtually "free", was celebrated course always been on numerous carnival sessions. But for more than ten years, the carnival Friday with the "protest march of the Cologne Veedel clubs" a great event, again on the "Old Market" in downtown Cologne. The participating groups Veedelszöch Cologne (Kölner Schull-un of the Veedelszöch) pulling it from the surrounding areas to the "Old Market", there is a varied program on the performances of many Karnevalskü ; artists celebrated until late into the evening.
carnival Saturday
place early in the morning at Cologne Neumarkt the radio bivouac of the "rut Kölsche spark Wiess vun 1823 e. V." instead. This event will be called "radio bars" (Kölsch-rods on each of which is the current session medal pictured) sold for 5.00 €. These glasses can be during the event at the beer stands for free then filled with fresh Kölsch. Entry to the Funk camp is also free.
start the afternoon in many parts of the city so-called "Veedelszöch", the carnival parades in Cologne Veedel. In the evening, next to be held since 1991 ghost that runs on alternate routes through the city, this partially hampered traditional hall events, mainly in the large rooms costume balls.
Carnival Sunday (tulips Sunday)
addition to numerous "Veedelszöch" in the districts of Cologne, the largest train in Cologne this among others, will find the famous Kölner Schull-un Veedelszöch instead. These make it a slightly different route than the Cologne Carnival, as in the parallel Gürzenich a big carnival meeting takes place and the artist could not otherwise reach the hall.
come the evening, then again numerous carnival sessions. As the last meeting of each session while carnival starts the "Great Sunday meeting" The size of the KG of 1823 e. V. Always on time at 20.11 clock (most other events start between 19.00 und 20.00 clock).
The real highlight of the Carnival is on Monday (Rose Monday). Over a million people will line the route of the Cologne Carnival, which runs from Clovis square through the center of Cologne. The resolution is traditionally held in the Moor Street. On this day, almost all shops closed and very few of Cologne have to work.
Shrove Tuesday
celebrate the last day of each session the carnival revelers once more in its suburbs with the numerous "Veedelszöch. The largest carnival parades are held here in the suburbs of Cologne-Mülheim, Cologne-Knacks and Cologne-Ehrenfeld, where each colorfully costumed up to 200,000 revelers to the side of the road sa ; groves. In the evening, then leads to the famous Nubbel combustion. In a straw man (the Nubbel) all of the numerous sins are loaded, which have been committed during the carnival days, and usually at midnight will be under great celebration held in front of many a Kölsch pubs Nubbel combustion. For some years there is a "burning for Nubbel Children "to be held in the afternoon.
Ash Wednesday
"On Ash Wednesday it's all over", as I know altkölsches songs proclaim. However, most carnival companies meet again today to the traditional fish-meal before Lent begins.
The Catholic Cologne to go on Äschermettwoch cheerful en de measurement, in the early Mass they get the traditional ash cross from the sacred "Palm" of last year's Palm Sunday branches burned.
Swabian-Alemannic carnival
The fools in the street parades Swabian-Alemannic carnival wear the traditional Häs and next to the brass bands, there are Guggenmusik. The figures are less military way, but masks are mainly traditional demons, witches and fools and figures and animals. There, too, there are cars that are running often pulled over politics. The meeting is the largest mask Rottweiler fools jump.
Brunswick Carnival Schoduvel
The biggest carnival parade in the north of Germany is held annually on the Sunday before Carnival Monday Carnival held in Braunschweig. The tradition of the Brunswick Schoduvel dates back over 700 years into the past. The term Schoduvel (from Middle Low German Duvel = devil and Scholars - shoo), referred to an old custom of noise, trim and nervous behavior, the evil spirits of the cold, and the risk of death scare. Since 2005, the Carnival parade in Brunswick with the term Schoduvel is connected.
"Hemdklonkerln" at Lake Constance, Basel and Baden Württemberg
Carnival season, closely modeled on the traditional winter and exorcism old Alemannic days can be found in Singapore and with our Swiss neighbors. In the many romantic old towns and around the old university strongholds, you can celebrate in particular, even in old sheets or scary costumes through the streets and to the many private or organized by the university communities Parties . enjoy Similarly, it is in Switzerland. But rather the way that I personally prefer, how to celebrate my studies, "Fassnet. (See Swabian-Alemannic carnival, top).
exist regionally in Germany, the various fools calls. The two best known and most widely used nationwide are certainly "Karneval" and "Alaaf. stretched from the Rhineland to the north and east there is the traditional cry of "Alaaf" initiative, but in Dusseldorf, on the Lower Rhine, the Ruhr and south of Mainz and Würzburg is "Karneval" initiative. Also call in Braunschweig Fools "Brunswick Helau. The Mainz have the reputation of "Karneval" is from Dusseldorf. Also in Westphalia "Karneval" of the popular reputation of regional features are also available here. In mask parades in southern Germany, the mask carrier often call "Narri. The audience at the roadside responds with "Narro".
International
highlight of the carnival in Rio is the parade of Samba schools: From Friday to Tuesday, the nightly parade through the city. The Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday) is the day of parades of New Orleans and the highlight of the local carnival. The Cortège the Basel carnival will be held on Monday and Wednesday, as the Basler Fasnacht takes place one week after the other carnival, a week after Ash Monday or Ash Wednesday. The processions of the carnival in the French stronghold of Nice start about two weeks before the carnival weekend. Here are the famous Blumencorsi where parade floats flowers at the lake and throw the audience with flowers. Peak and conclusion is the procession on mardi gras with fireworks. World famous is the Carnival in Venice, he begins this Saturday, ie on 16 February. Particularly interesting are the classical mask parades in costumes barroque against the picturesque Venetian Kullisse. The Carnival of Patras in Greece lasts about two weeks and is based on the Orthodox Easter, thus deviates from the Western Carnival dates. The highlight is the big parade on Carnival Sunday. The mask parades in Viareggio Italian place on Shrove Tuesday and held on several Sundays before and after this.
history
In ancient
precursor of the carnival was celebrated 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia, the land with the first urban cultures. An ancient Babylonian inscription from the 3rd Millennium BC are customers that under the priest-king Gudea a seven-day festival has been celebrated and indeed after the New Year as a symbolic marriage of a god. The inscription reads: "No corn is ground on those days. The slave is treated as the mistress and the slave to his master's side. The Mighty and the Low are esteemed. "This is the first time the principle of equality practiced in boisterous festivities und dies ist bis heute ein charakteristisches Merkmal des Karnevals.
In allen Kulturen des Mittelmeerraumes lassen sich ähnliche Feste, die meist mit dem Erwachen der Natur im Frühling in Zusammenhang stehen, nachweisen: In Ägypten feierte man das ausgelassene Fest zu Ehren der Göttin Isis und die Griechen veranstalten es für ihren Gott Dionysos. Die Römer schließlich feierten vom 17. Dezember bis 19. Dezember die Saturnalien zu Ehren ihres Gottes Saturn. Das Fest war verbunden mit einem öffentlichen Gelage, zu dem jedermann aus jeder Gesellschaftsschicht eingeladen war. Hinrichtungen wurden während der Saturnalien stand back. Slaves and masters from time to time exchanged the roles, and celebrated together myrtenbekränzt sat at table, drank and ate to their hearts content, dared any free word and showered with small roses. From roses was possibly the well-known in our days confetti. The Romans also held colorful parades, in which a car was decked vessel went about.
However, in the current research appointments such as Saturnalia and Lupercalia strongly challenged as the source of the carnival traditions. In many masks, figures and have received pre-Christian traditions also appear, such as Celtic rites, which include the change from the cold winter months in the warm and fruitful summer. The winter would have to sell you try by themselves as ghosts, goblins and creepy creatures from nature and disguised with wooden sticks wildly thrashing about or made with a rattle, or ratchet (rattle) noise. Recent research has doubts now, the Germanic theory: it states that no customs and festivals could have survived with a break of several centuries and are therefore of today's carnival as a Christian Laid out.
Germanic theories (so-called continuity assumptions ) had especially during the Nazi economy, but today sometimes still unconsciously always quoted. The skepticism toward all theories that assume a tradition of Germanic or Celtic traditions holds without any break since the Second World War.
It is therefore assumed that similar over several centuries, no celebrations were held the carnival, but in this rather high and late medieval period with Lent.
In Medieval
In medieval Europe, was celebrated - but in churches, not church - "Fools Feste" of 12 Century to the end of the 16th Century to the Epiphaniastag (January 6). Here, the lower clergy took over temporarily rank and privileges of the higher clergy. Religious rituals were parodied, and even a "pseudo-pope was elected on 28 December, on the day of innocent children, often a child was named Bishop, who equaled the roles similar to the "pseudo-Pope." In the form of processions were also the inhabitants the cities involved in the festival. Even during the actual days of carnival fools or asses fairs were widespread.
One of the oldest mention of the carnival found in the chronicle of the town clerk Speyer Christoph Lehmann of 1612 from the old document says: " In 1296 they started a little mischief of carnival time / clerical estate in a number of Burger Schlegerey servants, the clergy supported the worst of which / afterwards the property difficult attached to the Rhat / umb give tten and the wicked punished. "(clergy servants, said the officials of the bishop and the cathedral chapter, to say the cleric, in the Domimmunität)
The medieval carnival is attributed to the Augustinian doctrines of the two-state model. The carnival is bound to provide the civitas diaboli , the state of the devil. Therefore, the carnival was often heretical by the Church tolerated as a didactic example to show that the civitas diaboli like the man is transitory and in the end God is victorious. With Ash Wednesday, the carnival ends, therefore, had to clarify the inevitable return to God. While the church to act with sacrilegious scenes during the carnival was, was a To the celebration of Carnival in the Ash Wednesday into prosecuted severely.
in particular, late 14th and 15 Century was celebrated in the German space carnival, such as the Nuremberg Schembartläufe. About this time also found its way into the fool, the carnival, which was in the didactic purposes of the carnival to point to the transience.
In some carnival - especially in Tirol - is against this background that on Shrove Tuesday night put the "Betzeitläuten" the mask by six clock. Background at this time is the [forward] early Christian tradition, according to the new day begins with nightfall.
In modern times
Since the Reformation abolished the pre-Easter fasting period and thus the Carnival lost its meaning, many customs fell partly into oblivion. To date, the carnival is a symbol of Catholic mentality. While older carnival in southwest Germany, can still be found in Catholic areas, a real carnival led boom in the 1990s, even in Protestant areas of the carnival one. In Switzerland, Basel has a special status: The city celebrates in spite of the prevailing since centuries Protestantism an old, traditional carnival.
In Baroque and Rococo were held mainly at a castle or in the courts of glittering carnival celebrations, which masks the strong Commedia dell'Arte, the Italian inspired.
While increases in urban craft guilds - and in particular the young fellows - to line up the carnival, took in the early 19th Century, especially in the middle Rhine region, the ceremony, as guilds in the late consequences of the French Revolution and the invasion by French troops under Napoleon importance was lost or released. The middle classes celebrated while still foolish masquerade balls, street carnival was almost extinct. Thus, the revival in 1823 in Cologne, founded a new kind of street carnival: the Carnival today.
received, especially in Austria, Switzerland, Alsace, Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg, older forms. Especially in Baden-Württemberg is now therefore distinguish between carnival and Swabian-Alemannic carnival. After the end of the 19th Century had also enforced the Carnival, was after the First World War, a return to the old forms required, which was manifested in the founding of the Association of Swabian-Alemannic Carnival guilds 1924th
prohibited only 1794, the French authorities in Cologne, the Carnival celebrations. Even after the lifting of the ban in 1801 there was a restrictive legislation, saying that anyone who wanted to disguise himself had to ask for permission.
Over the next few years, the carnival was alive again on and around these monsters right way to celebrate Carnival, controlling and directing, there was a "fixed order" effect.
The bourgeois upper class is to celebrate the new species is called into being. On 10 February 1823 was the first Rose Monday in Cologne under the slogan "the hero Coelsch Carnival" took place and was a great success over the old, crude way to celebrate Carnival.
The success of the first Rose Monday procession laid the foundations that regularly from this point on Rose Monday parades were held. The motto of 1824 was the visit of the Princess Venetia, representing the southern carnival.
was responsible for the organization of the 1823 Rose Monday parades established by the Organising Committee. "
During the period of National Socialism carnival was often used for propaganda purposes.
could Elsewhere, the carnival and the carnival establish little, so many customs found themselves in England because of the Reformation of Henry VIII into oblivion, therefore, not been able to consolidate in the U.S.. The only exception is here for historical reasons New Orleans, as already mentioned.
Culinary Traditions
Linked to Carnival and Carnival traditions also about certain dishes, or be consumed only at this time. Just before Lent, especially those containing the ingredients, which are forbidden during Lent. This is true not only for meat but also eggs and fat. The latter can also be derived from many names for carnival days: Thursday and Mardi gras fat, grasso Martedi or Fettisdagen (French or Italian or Swedish for Shrove Tuesday).
fat is concentrated first on high-fat foods, especially pork and bacon which are popular. On the other hand, biscuits, which is fried in fat is. Fat pastries (donuts, donuts, etc.), which is prepared predominantly sweet, is distributed internationally in several variants. Frequently encountered are regional recipes with similar names that are similar but often in the recipe. Another ingredient, which occurs frequently in carnival foods are legumes, especially peas and beans, are regarded as signs of fertility (see also the custom to the Erbsenbär).
Linguistic note
Carnival, Fastelabend, carnival
The word Carnival and its regional variations are mainly in Hesse and the Rhine Hesse, Franconia, Upper Lusatia, the Palatinate, on the Middle Rhine, in Baden, Württemberg, Bayerisch-Schwaben, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and the western parts of Austria (the Alps) were used.
regional states in Mainz Fas (s) enacht , Fasenacht in francs in Switzerland Fasnacht, in Baden, Württemberg and Bavarian Swabia Fasnet , regional and F (a) Asente and Luxembourg Fuesend . Other linguistic forms are Fosnet, Foaset and conclusion, and Fasent (in some places means bathing).
the Low German area of Carnival is called Low German Faslaomt or Faslam - this corresponds to the Faslam in Protestant areas, not what is commonly understood to Carnival. In the Cologne area is in the Cologne dialect also Fastelovend (v) used or end Fasteleer while there in the High German exclusively from Carnival speaks.
is folk etymology, the word carnival often at the Old High German fasta (Lent) and seam (night before) and connected set, the name originally call the day before the start of Lent, from 15 Century the week before. Another folk etymology connects the word "draft" her. The comparison of dialect words is, however, a common form of the word form * fasanaht that refutes this interpretation. The importance of the front gate fasa- remains unclear. seems most likely although a connection to an Indo-European verbal root * pwos- to mean "purify" almost ".
The carnival is in Nazi meaning of the "carnival" that is understood in a liturgical context differed. According to a publication Hans Strobel in various journals in January of 1937, faithful to the system side, a consistent use of the term "Carnival" took place and was used in Austria and Germany.
Carnival
The word carnival appeared in High German as early as the 13th First century in the forms vaschanc and vaschang on . Etymologically derived Fasching, Vaschang forth by the "fast bar", which was the last serving (alcoholic beverages) before the then strict Lent. Alluded to the Middle Low German form vastgang, or the (late) Old Norse form fostugangr for the beginning of Lent. The alignment of words with -ing is much younger.
From Carnival spoken mainly in old Bavaria and Austria (east of the Arlberg) in the Bavarian language area. In Saxony and Brandenburg, there are indeed widespread carnival societies, tradition itself is known regionally However, as a carnival. Also in northern Germany is carnival in many places the dominant term for the carnival days.
Carnival
north is the line Bonn-Erfurt in Germany almost carnival associations, the event is called the other hand, in Saxony and Brandenburg and carnival. Spread refers to the carnival, however, primarily on the Rhenish Carnival (see: Carnival in Cologne, Düsseldorf carnival, carnival Bonn, Eschweiler Karneval, Aachen Carnival, Carnival Neuss, Mönchengladbach Carnival). The origin of the term is not entirely clear The most common assumption is the derivation from the Middle Latin carnelevale ( carne + levare ) than the mean by Lent "Fleischwegphase"; simplicity is the translation of "carne vale" as "meat, farewell "possible. In the 19th
Century to have been the term attributed also to the Roman, pre-Christian Latin carrus navalis , a ship cart, a ship on wheels, with annual parades by the resumption of navigation on the roads should have been done. Whereas it is the tradition of fools ship have formed. However, should other research has shown that the word carrus navalis not exist in classical Latin.
The term Carnival is also in the international language area, but is celebrated very differently. Carnivalesque structures of masking, getting dressed up and ritualized exuberance can be found in all cultures. Known to include the Carnival in Rio, Carnival in Venice Carnival in Quebec, the mid-Lent (Laetare) - Carnival of Stavelot and other Belgian Eastern Districts, as well as in Spain in the Cadiz Carnival. Also in the southern United States there is a strong carnival tradition. One uses here the French name Mardi Gras ( fat Tuesday, Shrove Tuesday ). Developed a completely unique vitality of the Carnival of Latin America.
failures in the history of Cologne, for example, fell from the train since 1823 several times, most recently during the second Gulf War in 1991. In general war, were the main reason for failure. The Franco-German war in 1871 caused empty streets. Also from 1915 to 1926 was due to war and the occupation of the Rhineland no train about. 1940 to 1949, the Second World War and the subsequent banning by the military government were responsible for the failures.
In the second Gulf War in 1991, as has been said elsewhere in sympathy of the Carnival, and for example, the Mainz and Düsseldorf dispensed with the train, and wanted the Cologne Carnival Festival Committee organize a train, some made at the Cologne motto "candy instead of bombs" on the fly on the road. On this occasion, the ghost was reinstated.
grave struggles within the Festival Committee provided 1833, 1844, 1851, 1856 and 1857 for cancellations. The Great Depression halted in 1931 and 1932 train. The revelers in Cologne are generally seen as weatherproof, 1868, the train had to be omitted due to bad weather anyway. A day of mourning for the death of King Friedrich Wilhelm IV in 1861 provided for dead streets in Cologne. And the train was even banned in 1830 by the Prussians. The only Carnival on Sunday came about because of the Reichstag elections 1887th
economic factor Carnival
for carnival cities such as Cologne Carnival is an important economic factor. The hotels in the city of the carnival days very well documented, not least because increasingly offered trips to carnival in Cologne, the restaurant experienced a wedding. Due to the popularity and media attention is the Cologne carnival popular with sponsors. Shall be made by automotive companies and individual car dealers cars for the moves, even vehicles are passed to the triumvirate and carnival artists. Due to the large media awareness are the Cologne carnival artists and their hits outside of the carnival season in high demand. As a result, salaries are increasing continuously and it will book for small companies to almost impossible that this in turn means that many smaller clubs can fall carnival due to lack of response from visitors to their meetings in economic difficulties.
Rose Monday parade in Cologne: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41wiTgAKKaI
Carnival meeting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RiqbR5vdrA
Rose Monday meeting in Cologne: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yrHgv06hss
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